Apparatus for removing liquid from wells



- I Serial No. l9

Patented Oct. 28, 1930 UNITED STATES.

j PATENT orrlca Bonner nmrme, or'o'mcmnarr, onro APPARATUS FOR BEMOVING LIQUID FROHYWELLS Original application fled June 13, 1927, Serial No. 198,498. Divided and this application fled November 24, 1928. Serial No. 321,583. s

an oil or gas well, the present application;

being a division of m co nding application 8,496, fil ed une 13, 1927, upon which Patent No. 1,697,856 was issued Jan.

It is well known in the art that subterranean rock pressures are usually insuflicient to cause the liquid in the well, whether it be oil or water or .both of the se,'to rise to the top of the well and, in order, to remove the liquid from such wells, it must be elevated to the surface, generally from great depths.-

It has at times been common in the art to pump the liquid from such wells by expensive reciprocating pumps. It has also been customary to lift the liquid from the wells through small size tubing by means of gas pressure created in the well casing. For the shallower wells, sutlicient .gas ressure may readily be created to bodily li t theicolumn of liquid from the well whereas in the deeper wells, it has been customary to introduce 95 bubbles of gas into the column of liquid to break up the column into sections of liquid and sections of gas or to disperse gas bubbles throughout the liquid column-in order 'to reduce the weight of the column and thereby reduce the gas pressure necessary to bodily lift the column of liquid from the well. These systems are conveniently known as embod ing the principles of the well known air lift,

and by air lift in this application, it is;

understood torefer to those methods in which the gas is dispersed in the liquid and the gas becomes the .disperse phase, vwhereas the liquid is present in the continuous phase. In the case of many air lift devices, very severe vibrations arencau'sed by the spasmodic discharge of the liquid and gas sections and these vibrations arelvery detrimental to the entire well equipment.

Another objectionable feature of the air as lift system is that the use of high gas pressures within the well casing cause the oil v1n the pay strata to be forced away from the well. This temporarily orpermanently retards the flow of oil toward the well casing and requires, in many instances, that the liquid be intermittently withdrawn from the well, that is, after suitable periods of rest during which time liquid again collects in the well. 7

According to the present invention, liquid is removed from the well in a continuous stream having the characteristics of a gas, the moving stream of as being utilized as a carrier for the liquid and dependingupon its lyelocity head to remove liquid from the 5 we My present invention further contemplates the nebulizing of the liquid to be removed from the well so that the gas and liquid are carried out of the well as a continuous stream of gas and dispersedparticles offinely divided liquid, the gas thus being in the continuous phase and the liquid. in the disperse stance, while the other body exists in particles embedded in the first material, these so varticles being completely out off from one another by interposition of substance belonging to the first body. The latter body of material is considered to be dispersed and to exist in a dispersed phase, while the first body is considered to be continuous and to exist as a continuous phase.

Accordin to this method of removal of liquid, a re atively small difierential ressure is uired between the discharge tu ing and the interior of the well casing. This relatively low working pressure and the freedom from objectionab e vibration of the well equipment has many very important advantages that will be apparent to those skilled in the art. This proposed method of removing liquid from the well difiers fundamentally from air lift systems where the column of liquid is bodily h'fted from the well, either as an unbroken column of liquid or as an aerated column with interposed bubbles or sections of gas which reduce the weight of the column.

The apparatus for removing liquid from a well in accordance with my proposed method usually com rises a discharge tube or pipe dis osed inside the well casingand provided with suitably spaced apertures arranged at different elevations between the bottom and the top of the well. By the use of the natural gas. pressure of the well or by suitable external means a somewhat greater pressure of gas is established in the well casing outside the liquid dischar e tube-or pipe than exists inside the pipe. ue to this arrangement, a relatively small differential gas pressure is caused to act on the top portion 0 the liquid in the discharge pipe to finelysubdivide or nebulize it so that it is carried upwardly through the discharge pipe andout of the well in a continuousl moving stream of as and dispersed "unis of finel divided iquid substanti y sus nded in tlie gas stream, whereby the flow o the fluid has the characteristics of a gas. Thus the liquid is removed from the well by using a relatively low differential or workin pressure between the outside and inside of fine discharge pipe.

An object of the invention is to provide a relatively simple and inexpensive apparatus for removing liquid from ,a well smoothly and continuously by using relatively low gas pressure and without objectionable vibration of the ap aratus.

A furt er object of the invention is to rovide an apparatus for removing liquid rom a well at substantially the rate at which the a liquid normally flows into the well, thus keeping the liquid level in the well at the point desired.

Another object of the invention is to provide an apparatus for removin the liquid from the well automaticall by-t e use of the gas pressure of the well without unduly dissipating the gas from the pay strata, thus causing the natural gas content of the strata to assist in forcing the oil toward the well.

A further object of the invention is to those ski ed in the art from the utilize the gas pressure of the well and only a minimum amount of additional gas or gas ressure to continuously elevate the liquid cm the well when the gas or gas pressure of the well is not sufficient in itself to remove the liquid from the well as fast as it flows into the well without the formation of objectionable emulsions or foams.

Another object of the invention is to rovide an a paratus for removing liquid rom a well, whether the well be initially full of liquid or not, and with a gas pressure within the casin only slightly greater than the pressure of the line into which the liquid and/or gas from the well is to be dischar d.

Another object of the invention 1s to provide anapparatus that is capable of startin to function with a deep well relatively full 0 liquid and which apparatus will continue to function automatica ly until the liquid is reduced to the desired working level and then continues to remove additional liquid enteringr the well.

base and other objectsand advantages of practicin the invention will be a parent to escri tion hereinafter given of an illustrative em diment of the invention thalt1 is shown in the aocompan in w erem:

Figure i is%. iagra ri unatic vertical section of a well indicating the proper spacing of the apertures in the discharge tubing for certain well conditions;

Fig. 2 is an enlarged vertical section of the well with parts broken .away showing the connections and relation of the apparatus withinand at the top of the well; and

Fig. '3 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of portionsof the well tubing shown at different elevations and dia mmatically illustrating what applicant lieves to be the condition of the stream of material within the discharge'tubing.

In the drawing, a well casing 1 is shown extending downwardly into and preferably through the pay strata 2 in which may be present gas, oil and water. The lower portion of the well-casing is provided with apertures 3 to admit the gas and liquid to the interior of the casing. The top of the casing is provided with a suitable cap 4' which is preferably connected with a four way passage member 5. Extending from the member 5 is a pipe line 6 provided with a suitable valve 7 which is shown in partially closed condition to serve as a choke. Any suitable choke valve may be used at this place, for it is only necessary to keep the working pressure in the well casingthe desired degree above the ressure of the line 6. The pipe 8 at the le of the member 5 is preferably provided with a valve 9 and a plug 10. This extension is a convenience which may be used for testing and other purposes if desired.

Carried by the upper portionof the member 5 is a stufiing box 11 which is provided with suitable packing through which extends a relatively small discharge or ejector tube 12 which serves as thedischarge tube ,for the stream of nebulized or finely divided li uid and gas from the well. The small tu e 12 extends intothec'asing to a point adjacent the bottom of the well onto the depth from which it is desired to raise liquid.

The discharge pipe 12 may dischargei'nto any suitable receiving apparatus. In the drawing, it is shown as connected directly through the pipe 12 into the gas line 6 from the'well. The conver 'ng'lines are connected.

to a suitable gas an liquid separator diagrammatically indicated. vat 12". Suitable valves 12 and 12. may be connected to the discharge line 12 to enable the operatorto suitably control the flow of'the well.

The discharge pipe 12 is provided with a series of relatively small apertures, the longitudinal distance between which is preferably progressivelydecreased from the topof the 'well to the bottom. of the pipe. For purposes of explanatiomitwill now be assumed that the well to whichthe apparatus isvapplied is a flowing gas well in which some wai ter is just be innmg to enter at the-bottom,

of the well. n the well shown, the gas normally discharges from the well through the pipe 12 and, when sufiicient water enters the well to reach the bottom of'the pipe 12, a

differential. pressure will be established be tween the region within the well casing outside the pipe 12 and the inside of thepipe 12.

This difierential pressure, which may be termed the working pressure, causes the water to rise to the first aperture 13 in the pipe 12. As soon as the water-reaches this aperture, the jet of gas, which, due to the differential pressure between the interior of the casing and the interior of the pipe 12, at

this point, passes through the aperture 13, acts upon the liquid to causeit to become finely subdivided or nebulized, and causes it to pass upwardly through the pipe 12 as dispersed particles of finely divided liquid in the continuous stream of gas. As the stream of liquid and gas passes 11 wardly through the pipe, its flow is natural y retarded somewhat in its passage through the pipe and this is particularly true since the pipe 12'is relatively small in diameter. There is also a tendency for the dispersed liquid particles to combine or condense on the side walls of the pipe as the stream flows through the pipe 12. However, upon reaching thenext aperture 14 above, an additional How of gas.

therethrough renebulizes the mixture. and also acqelerates the speed of flow of the total volume of gas upwardly through the pipe 12.

' This condition is repeated at every aperture 15 thereabove that is present in the pipe 12.

The mixture then passes through the upper .creased toward the top end of the pipe atthe surface of the well where it may be separated in any suitable manner into liquid and gas and made available for use. g Y

The total area of all ofthe apertures 13, 14 and 15 in the pipe 12 is considerably less than the cross-sectional area of the pipe, and is preferably about 3 to 5 percent of the crosssectional pipe area. 'These very small, apertures therefore prevent the difl'erential or working pressure existing between the gas inside and the gasoutside of the pipe from being equalized, even though all the apertures are uncovered and the gas flowing throu h every aperture into the pipe simultaneousiy.

Due to the fact that the speed of the atomized 7 gas is acceleratedas each aperture is passed, the space between the apertures may be inof the well. This spacing has other advantages which will now be described.

The ratio of the sum of the areas of the apertures in the discharge pipe 12 to the cross-sectional area of the discharge pipe is dependent upon the depth of the well and upon the amount of differential pressure that it isdesired to maintain to operate upon the liquid In the case of shallower wells, or .in the caseof wells having large volumes of ing equal to the natural pressure-of the well,

myapparatus can'be utilized to remove such 7 liquid from the well and then to continuously remove additional incoming liquid. If there is considerable gaspressure within the well casing, a differential may be established by opening the discharge pipe 12. into the discharge line or to' the atmosphere and thus there will exist more pressure outside of the pipe 12 than inside. If the pressure between the top ofthe liquid andthe top of the well is merely atmospheric, the pressure in the well-casing could be raised to establish a differential working pressure by introducing additional gas into the well casing outside of the pipe 12, or an evacuating pump could be connected to the pipe 12, or both of. these methods of establishing a suitable differential pressure could be utilized at the same time.

As soon as a differential pressure is established, the liquid will be forced upwardly in the pipe12 until it reaches one of the aperuntil the liquidis tures where it is nebulized as above described. As liquid is removed through the pipe 12, the liqui uncovered. As each successive aperture is uncovered, it becomes the primary a ent to nebulize or disperse the liquid int c gas stream and each aperture above'the first exposed aperture assists in the 'nebulization and also servesas a booster for accelerating the flow of the stream. This operation continues reduced to the desired working level. 1 Y

It will be seen from the above description that the liquid is removed from the'well in a continuous-stream having the characteristics of a gas,'wherein the gas serves as a'carrier for the dispersed particles of the finely divided liquid. Fig.3 of the drawing diagrammatically illustrates myconception of the condition of the stream at different *elevations in its upward travel. Y pipe section in Fig. 3, the stream is illustrated in thecondition in which it leaves one of the lower apertures not shown in this figure. As

the stream flows upwardly through the pipe 12,-the dispersed liquid particles tend to combine to form larger particles of liquid in the gas stream as illus'rated in the lower portion of the upper pipe section of Fig. 3 and below the aperture'f; At the a erture f the additional flow of gas theret rough again breaks up or nebulizes' the liquid particles in the gas stream as indicated in Fig. 3. The mixture of gas and liquid discharged from the well may be separated inany desired manner, as by the-use of special separators or by collecting the mixtureand permitting the separation to take place under, the action of ravity. If the gas that is used is hydrocar on, and the liquid that is being removed is oil, these, of course, may be forced after separation directly into the gas and. the oil lines of the field, or into any suitable reservoirs or containers desired. If the liquid be a mixturerof oil and water, itmay also be readily separated and the water removed from the oil. before the oil is put into theline. ..A well is shown in Fi 1 in which the longitudinal spacing of t e apertures in the pipe 12 is diagrammatically indicated by the level lines a to iinclusive. In the following table four examples of the application of my invention to gas and oil wells are shown with the engineering data in regard thereto in which widely different conditions were encountered, the well shown in Example 1 being that illustrated in Fig. 1' of the drawings.

This table shows the means adopted to meet the ,varying conditions in each given case.

For each successive aperture in the conveying pipe in each example, two entries, headed respectively A and B, are made, the first giving the distance of the aperture in feet level in the well casing may drop and this may continue until another aperture-1s In the lower g at a suitable velocit opening? from the bottom of the conveying pipe, the second its diameter in inches.

Example 1 I 8 4 432 m 5 :407 625 do 1,301 1.8M 2066 per 700 275-33) 150-250 6.2 Rock pressure, lbs. ;ln 210 335-270 aoo Line pressure, lbs. sq. in 126 MI)- 81 U)- 40 l) v q ack to: conveying tubing, 1 K 2 0310113165 5135111111: 200 40-00 sum awn Bbla; ollJU I 4m i A B A B A B A B a 4 a 6 Ma 4 8 a 10 Me I) a 14 a 15 Me an a 11 Ma 1) Ma 40 a 80 its Ma 60 a: 100 Ma H. U 320 $6: He )5: M0 M1 60 Me an )6: an M0 HI) 1111 M0 in 120 Me 140 160 a. I!) 200 a 220 210 Me 280 $00 MI 3110 380 M0 41) 48) no we 610 0 6(1) & Z." 53 LM 1.300

It has been found that a difierential distribution of the openings is essential to maintain-a flow of the gaseous mixture in the pipe and to obtain a complete nebulization o the liquid. The total area of the openin the size of the o 'ngs and the spacin i ereof will vary or different li uids, flerent gas pressures and for wells of ifierent depths, but in all cases, the

will be relatively close together adjacent e bottom of the well and the spacing will be progressively increased toward the top of the well.

In eneral, it has also been found desirable to ma e the openings close to the bottom of the well of somewhat greater diameter than the openings above the same, to avoid cloggm of the openings by solid particles suspen ed in the iquid and to admit a somewhat greater volume of gas for nebulizing the liquid within the pipe.

In certain cases it is desirable that the apertures in the conveying pipe be placed at such intervals that the successive intervals between apertures, as one proceeds from the bottom of the well, increase by an approximatelyequal increment. This arrangement is shown in Example 1 of the table above.

The general rule is valid that the apertures must be of such length and diameter in comparison with the length and diameter of the conveying pipe as a whole, that a major part of the pressure energy residing in the differential pressure between the inside and outside of the conveying pipe is expended by the gas in passing theapertures.

In a continuously operated well such as just described the lowest exposed aperture is the primary nebulizer and the upper apertures accelerate the flow of and renebulize the liquid particles in the gas stream. If it becomes desirable to close in the well for a. period of time, this may be readily accomplished by closing the choke valve 7 and the valve 12 in the discharge pipe, or the well also may be effectively closed by a rise in the line pressure originated'at some distant point. In either of these cases the provision of the upper apertures in the discharge pipe serves the function of automatically causing liquid that may accumulate in the well during the closed in period to be elevated and discharged, and the well to assume normal 7 operation upon the lowering of the line pressure from any cause so that a differential working pressure is established.

As aboveindicated, it is quite obvious that my invention may be applied to wells that are producing gas as a primary product and some liquid, such as oil and water.

My invention is also very advantageous for use in connection with wells in which oil is the primary product. In the case of such wells, if more gas is being dissipated to produce a barrel of oil than is necessary under the particularconditions of that well,

the gas can be conserved in the earth to prolong the life of the well, as will now be explained.

It is obvious that the amount of gas necessary to produce a barrel of oil is quite variable and dependent upon the particular con ditions obtaining at a certain well, such as the viscosity of the oil, the depth of the well, and'numerous other factors. If the gas in the oil well is greatly in excess of that necessary to elevate the oil through the discharge pipe. the gas may be readily conserved by simply utilizing sufficient gas to elevate the.

incoming oil and/or water as fast as it flows into the well.

If, however, an oil well is not making sufficient gas to elevate the oil to the surface of the earth, additional gas or gas pressure may be supplied from any suitable source or a suction line may be connected with the pipe 1:2 to create a sufiicient working pressuredifferential between the casing and the discharge pipe to remove the oil or liquid flowing into the well. It will be understood, however. that the additional gas pressure neces sary is usually quite low as wells can frequently operated with a differential or .working pressure of ten pounds per square inch. The desired working pressure, of course, depends upon the depth of the well,

the amount of liquid to be removed per day, and other conditions or factors particularly applicable to the well. It will thus be seen that my invention is very advantageous under theseconditions since the working pressure neces-sarytoremove the oil or liquid is much less than that required to elevate the oil or liquid by the use of the so-called air lift process.

It will be seen that by suitably selecting the size of the discharge pipe for a well, suitably choosing the size of the apertures in the discharge pipe and the proper spacing and location of the apertures longitudinally of the pipe, that my invention can be used to great advantage in practically any gas or oil well. It will be seen that in the application of my invent-ion to a. well in which considerable oil or water may have accumulated that it is essential to provide the discharge pipe with one or more apertures above the liquid level in the well in order that after a working differential is established between the outside and inside of the discharge pipe, the gas may begin to act upon the top portion of the liquid in the pipe to nebulize it and cause its upward flow through the pipe.

It will thus be seen that by proper consideration of the natural characteristics of a. gas well or an oil well, my invention may be readily adapted to obtain efiicient produc-- tion of gas with the continuous discharge of all incoming liquid, or efiicient production of oil with a minimum quantity of gas or the desired quantity of gas. I

It will also be apparent that this inven: tion may be applied to otherrelatively deep" wells in which it is desirable to remove a liquid. I

Furthermore, it is to be understoodthat the particular forms of apparatus shown and described, and the particular procedure set forth, are presented for purposes of explana tion and illustration and that various modification-s of said apparatus and procedure can be made without departing from my inven-; tion as defined in the appended claims. What I claim is: 1. A pump for'elevating liquids from a well in the form of a mist suspended in a stream of gas,-comprising a chamber for. re-

aperturesthrough its wall, the apertures being distributed at intervals along its length, the total cross sectional area of the apertures being less than the cross sectional area of the conveying pipe, the total area of the passages per unit of length of the pipe progressively increasing toward the lower end of the pipe.

2. A pump for elevating liquids from a ll well in the form of a mist suspended in a stream of gas, comprising a chamber for receiving liquid and gas under pressure. a conveying pipe disposed in said chamber and having a cross sectional area relatively small in comparison with that of the gas pressure chamber and extending into the liquid, means for establishing a greater gas pressure in the chamber than exists in the conveying pipe, said conveying pipe having a plurality of apertures through its wall, the apertures being distributed at intervals along its length, the total cross sectional area of the apparatus being less than the cross sectional area of the conveying pipe. the total area of the passages per unit of length of the pipe progressively increasing with an approximately uniform increment toward the lower end of the pipe.

3. A pump for elevating liquids from a well in the form of a mist suspended in a stream of gas, comprising a chamber for receiving liquid and gas under pressure, an unobstructed conveying pipe disposed in said chamber and having a cross sectional area relatively small in comparison with that of the gas pressure chamber and extending into the liquid, means for establishing a greater gas pressure in the chamber than exists in the conveying pipe, said conveying pipe having a plurality of unobstructed apertures through its wall, the apertures being distributed at intervals along its length, the total-cross sectional area of the apertures being a small percentage of the cross sectional area of the conveying pipe, said openings being relatively close together adjacent the lower end of the pipe, the total area of the openings per unit of length of.the pipe progressively decreasing toward the upper end ofthe pipe.

4. A pump for elevating liquids from a well in the orm of a mist suspended in a stream of gas, comprising a well casing forming a pressure chamber for receiving liquid and gas under pressure, an unobstructed conveying pipe disposed in said chamber and having a cross sectional area relatively small in comparison with that of the gas pressure chamber and extending into the liquid, means for establishing a greater gas pressure in the chamber than exists in the conveying pipe, said conveying pipe having a plurality of unobstructed apertures through its wall, the apertures being distributed at intervals along its length, the total cross sectional area of the apertures being less than 10% of the cross sectional area of the conveying pipe, the total area of the openings per unit of length of pipe progressively decreasing from the lower end of the pipe toward the upper end.

In testimony whereof I afiix my signa- ROBERT DEMING. 

